Soft HRM Essay Example

Soft HRM Essay Soft HRM is associated with the concept of a high commitment work system, (Walton, 1985 cited in Truss et al 1997) this is aimed at eliciting a commitment so that behaviour is primarily self regulated rather than controlled by sanctions and pressures external to the individual and relations within the organisation are based on high levels of trust (Wood, 1996. p 41). Trust is a key element associated with soft HRM as by trusting the employees commitment is generated. This is the opposite view to the hard model of HRM, which is based on the assumption that employees are not to be trusted to the high level expressed within the soft model. The hard model assumes that employees are not capable of being left to their own devices but instead that they need constant monitoring if the organisations objectives are to be achieved. This leads to a major conflict between the two models as the soft model places emphasis on the idea that control comes from commitment (Purcell, 1993) rather than through performance systems, performance management and tight control as with the hard model suggests. Storey (1992) stated that it is human capability and commitment which distinguishes successful organisations the human resource ought to be nurtured (p.26). If commitment is to be retained HRM needs to train and develop their employees. This idea is emphasised within the soft model. The need to retain knowledge workers is one of the biggest challenges, which faces organisations today. In America, Ford offered a PC, printer and Internet access to all employees for $5 a month. The idea was that by being able to communicate amongst themselves much more easily, being more able to use the computers at work and becoming more acquainted with the mindset of the e-consumer, that it would make the whole organisation much more customer focused. We will write a custom essay sample on Soft HRM specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Soft HRM specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Soft HRM specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer (Johnson and Scholes, 2002) By training and developing employees there is a potential to create a win-win situation, with employees gaining job security, interesting work and an improved work-life balance, with the best organisations gaining competitive advantage from the best workers (Peter Drucker, 1988, cited in Johnson and Scholes, 2002). Individual development, flexibility, self-fulfilment, high trust, autonomy and adaptability are all aspects that are closely associated with the soft model (Morris et al. 2000). There has been some criticism of these concepts, which the soft model adopts. It has been argued the concepts of commitment, flexibility and quality are somewhat ambiguous and open to debate and interpretation (Purcell, 1993). Flexibility has been noted to come in a number of different forms; it could be to express the value of employee upskilling, development and initiative or the numerical and financial flexibility to be achieved by treating labour as a variable cost-to-be-minimised input (Atkinson, 1984 cited in Legge, 1995). Prieto (1993 cited in Truss et al. 1997) noted three types of flexibility; numerical (flexibility in the number of people in the workforce), wage (where wage adjustments can be linked to profits) and functional (where there is the broadening of skills). He stated that they were all very different and in many respects contradictory. He commented that one method of numerical flexibility may be to alter the size of the workforce by using short-term or temporary contracts at the expense of permanent contracts which would be much more attractive to employees. This would in turn have an effect on the employees level of commitment. Furthermore there is also question as to what is being referred to when commitment is talked about, what exactly is the employee to be committed to? (Legge, 1995). Are employees committed the organisation, work group, immediate supervisor, union or occupation (Legge, 1995). Other criticism has come from Kennoy (1990 cited in Truss et al. 1997) who argues that the goals of quality, flexibility, commitment and integration are not mutually compatible and may be difficult to achieve in practice. There is debate as to whether committed workers are more productive as it has never been proved (Bassett, 1994 cited in Truss et al. 1997). Within the hard model of HRM emphasis is placed on strategic direction, integration and performance managing techniques such as appraisal. Hard HRM is concerned with achieving competitive advantage by the close integration of human resource policies, systems and activities with business strategy. They view the HRM as a way of driving the strategic objectives of the organisation (Legge, 1995). The hard model views the employee as largely a factor of production, along with other resources such as capital and land and an expense of doing business rather than the only resource capable of turning inanimate factors of production into wealth Tyson and Fell, 1986, p. 135 cited in Legge, 1995). The element of integration that the hard model emphasises can be further expanded into two different aspects. The first is the external fit which is the view that the human resource policies and practices are closely linked to the strategic objectives of the organisation and the second is the internal fit which is the coherence of the human resource polices and practices (Baird and Meshoulam, 1988 cited in Truss et al. 1987). Although soft HRM does consider integrating HR policies with business strategies as important, its emphasis is placed on treating employees as valued assets, a source of competitive advantage through their commitment, adaptation and high quality. (Legge, 1995) The stress is therefore on human resource policies that deliver resourceful humans (Morris and Burgoyne, 1973, cited in Legge, 1995) in the case of the soft model. The hard is more about how the HR policies can deliver the organisations objectives rather than developing employees, which can. Although both consider different aspects of the organisation they are necessarily incompatible. It would seem that these two aspects could be brought together to increase the chances of corporate objectives being obtained and competitive advantaged being maximised. A study carried out by Kane and Crawford (1999) looking barriers to effective HRM found that although both hard and soft aspects of HRM are seldom effectively implemented in practice there was little evidence of conflict or incompatibility between the two theoretical perspectives in their results. They also found that HRM effectiveness could be achieved by both approaches as effectiveness is related to both organisational strategy and objectives and to employee motivation and development. Legge (1995) comments that potential tensions however could rise through this aspect of strategic integration, as she believes there to be an amount of contradiction amongst the models. At a surface level she believes that problems arise from ambiguities in the conceptual language of both models. She argues that the problem arises due to the fact that while fit with strategy would argue a contingent design of HRM policy, internal consistency- at least with the soft human resource values associated with mutuality would argue an absolutist approach to the design of employment policy (Legge, 1995). The strategic fit which the hard model refers to can be extremely tight in nature and there is little or no evidence that tight fit leads to positive outcomes. Furthermore it implies that there is no flexibility and rigidity, which could be detrimental to the organisation (Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick- Hall, 1990, cited in Truss et al. 1997). It is argued that fit may not be attainable, or desirable, in a diversified organisation. In conclusion it is clearer to understand why there has been so much difficulty amongst writers and academics to develop a single model of human resource management, which could be used in practice by businesses and organisations. To begin with there is a huge amount of differing opinion as to what exactly human resource management is. It is a relatively new concept and the literature would suggest that it still a huge amount of debate as to exactly what it is. Although models have been developed them are clearly problematic. This essay aimed to compare the hard and soft approaches to HRM to establish if it was possible to incorporate them into a single model. The evidence provided showed that both of the approaches were based on different sets of assumptions with soft HRM placing emphasis on the human element and hard HRM emphasising the resource. It is clear that the incorporation of both hard and soft elements within one model would be problematic with one considering human nature and the other considering managerial control strategies. Apart from these differences each of the models are problematic within themselves. The main assumptions on which the soft approach is based such as flexibility, commitment and quality have been argued by critics to be ambiguous and open to debate. In many instances it is unclear as to what exactly the model is referring to when it uses these concepts. They can take the form of many different meanings and interpretations and if interpreted wrongly can even finish up with a practice, which is hard in approach rather than soft. These three concepts were also viewed by critics as being incompatible and difficult to achieve in practice. This is a major factor that needs to be considered when models are being developed, they may work theoretically but do they work in practice. There are many conflicts and tensions that are evident between these two models such as the soft placing emphasis on self-expression and high trust and the hard model emphasises direction and low trust, this makes it extremely difficult to place the two together in a single model. They both consider strategic integration between business strategies and the HR policies but from conflicting viewpoints. At present the literature is incomplete making it difficult for a single model of HRM to be developed. The flaws in the current models either soft or hard are evident and further work needs to be carried out to clarify exactly what each of the terms within the models is referring to. Theyre a number of weaknesses within the models and these need to be considered and improved. If there was more clarity within the models then perhaps it would be possible to even take elements that are positive from each to create an overall model or theory, which could be used in practice.

The Battle Over Application Essay Samples and How to Win It

The Battle Over Application Essay Samples and How to Win It A cultural identity essay is a form of creative or academic writing that expresses the sensation of belonging to a specific culture credited to the growing up and becoming an individual person with its personality. Also, humor isn't a replacement for substance. A little humor can aid your personality shine. Ultimately, the detail of true speech makes the scene pop. An excellent argument demands the usage of logic and irrefutable evidence. In the event you have any pressing questions, you don't have to shy away. Use the aid of true academic experts and receive the service you have earned! In order to obtain the performance benefits of certain objectives, feedback helps shape the individuals behaviour. Clients are the absolute most important portion of our work. Getting somebody else to read your drafts are able to help you find out when you've gone too far. There are a couple of essential things that go into a terrific Common App essay. One of the fundamental tasks of the application essay is to follow along with the directions. Once you've read through the instructions a number of occasions and gathered your notes, you can begin creating an outline to organize your essay and make a decision as to what message you need to send. When choosing an issue to argue, you should settle on a topic that has more than 1 side. The Meaning of Application Essay Samples Professor Mitchell obtained a grant to have a category of students to Belgium as a way to study the EU. When being graded on the standard of work presented, the instructors will typically base the last grade around certain criterion. Try to remember there are thousands of others students applying to your preferred university, and you will need to distinguish yourself. Assessment in universities should be reshaped as a way to motivate students. 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D&D Argumentative Essay Topics

D&D Argumentative Essay TopicsIf you are planning to write a D&D argumentative essay, you should make sure that you are clear about the difference between arguments and essays. The two can easily get mixed up, so you must take the time to figure out which one to use and when.The most common mistake is to write the latter as an essay. You can also try to confuse the two by making it a critique of other writers. That is to say, you write a critique of your own writing. When you do this, you run the risk of confusing the two or conflating them with one another.If you want to write an argumentative essay on D&D, you need to take the time to fully define the term yourself. A definition would help you avoid some potential confusions. It will also help you figure out the relationship between essays and arguments, since you can no longer simply make it out as an essay. In short, it will help you gain a better understanding of what it is you are trying to write about.So what are the differenc es between a D&D argumentative essay and an essay? Well, to start with, they can both be argued about. They are about ideas, which are commonly called arguments. An argument is a logical argument which states a certain point of view, based on logic, after establishing that point of view from within a set of related facts. It is not strictly speaking a narrative essay, but it can be a narrative essay if you want it to be.Once you have established the definition of an essay, you should be able to understand what an argument is. An argument is basically a thought-experiment, which tries to answer a particular question, in terms of how it answers it, through different methods. Your essay can be seen as an argument, if it attempts to make a general observation of existing arguments, using the same tools, in the same way.So it is important to note that while D&D arguments can indeed be classified as essays, they can also fall into several different categories. Consider a D&D essay to be a n argument if the essay states a particular view, such as an ethical dilemma or something similar. It also has to state the problem in order to have a problem, and there has to be some kind of conflict.As an example, an argumentative essay on the d&d could be about how it makes players reluctant to give up their characters. If the essay was written as a critique of an essay on the subject, then it would be an argument. It would also be an argument if it stated a controversial point of view, like whether or not there are too many party members in D&D games.Keep these things in mind as you go about writing your argumentative essay on D&D. You will see that it isn't as hard as you thought it would be!

4 Essay Topic Essentials

4 Essay Topic EssentialsIn writing your first Esperanza Rising Essay Topic, you should know that there are four essential steps you must follow. By following these steps, you will be on your way to putting together a great first impression that will be remembered for many years to come. To do this, you need to first develop a plan, a research-based plan that includes the following four steps:Start from the beginning. A good essay is always based on an idea that has some foundation in reality. Without that foundation, you are throwing out good suggestions and thoughts without any foundation. Begin with your topic and do not go back. The best essay topics are usually based on facts, but what if you don't have facts at hand?Facts are great, but they can also lead to a lack of imagination and allow us to quickly talk ourselves into a particular position or group of people. You have to be able to make up facts and figures to work for you rather than against you.Create an outline. An outli ne should be written and submitted, as you prepare to write your first essay topic. This way, you will have the tools you need to determine where your information and ideas will fit. This also helps you to see how well you organize your material and how clearly you define your topic.Even if you feel you are standing on a level ground, make sure that you are not moving into the middle ground. Even if you think you are at the middle ground, keep in mind that you are still advancing toward a higher level so don't take it too far.Do a key point analysis. The key point analysis helps you to see the structure of your essay, the key points and sub-points and the conclusion. This helps you to understand your theme and to get more ideas for your final argument.As you write your first essay topics, remember that you need to move forward. That means that you need to be bold, to be imaginative and to be clear and concise.

PPS Expository Essay Work Sample Rubric

PPS Expository Essay Work Sample RubricPPS Expository Essay Work Sample Rubric is a tool created by some good experienced writer who has spent so much time practicing. It allows you to practice your grammar, vocabulary and basic writing skills.The PPS Expository Essay Work Sample Rubric is a rich writing tool that allows students to develop a simple writing style in as little as a week. All it takes is one really complex sentence to take your test down. However, this is exactly what you should avoid.The PPS Expository Essay Work Sample Rubric is written in a systematic manner. It does not break down long paragraphs but rather develops the ideas one paragraph at a time. All you need to do is just write your essay first and let the software write it for you. All you have to do is follow along as it organizes and then condenses your idea into one concise paragraph.One of the reasons why the PPS Expository Essay Work Sample Rubric is so effective is because it employs a little known conc ept called schema. It is very easy to understand when you think about it. All you have to do is just write down a beginning and an ending point, and what's the difference? In other words, the schema makes everything look natural and un-forced.The PPS Expository Essay Work Sample Rubric doesn't need a text editor like most of the programs out there. It simply organizes your thoughts and makes them appear to be written by hand.If you want to make things look more structured, consider using a notepad to write down the sentences and then paste them on a word document. Your grammar and sentence structures will then appear to be grammatically correct and written by a real person.A great part of the PPS Expository Essay Work Sample Rubric is that it lets you use Microsoft Word, a standard word processing program. This allows you to write the essay without having to purchase a special word processor.The best way to improve your writing skills is to write lots of essays and practice grammar skills over again. That's the only way you will ever really master them. These writers resource has lots of good practice exercises to help you get started right away.