Food Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Food Safety Management - Essay Example Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) has emerged as a popular system of safety management and has become pivotal to securing the safety of the food supply and battle against the escalation of food borne disease.(Taylor and Taylor 2004).However as the instance of the Potter Foods example shows that small and medium sized businesses have found the entire process a "bureaucratic nightmare", and find the whole implementation of the HACCP complex and barriers.(Taylor and Taylor 2004).The system has its origins in the first US manned space Programme (Taylor and Taylor 2004 citing Buchanan 1990) and today it is "an operation specific system of preventative control, which identifies, evaluates and controls hazards of significance to food safety". On the facts we have been told that Potter foods has to as a matter of code of practice implement a food safety management system based on the Codex HACCP Principles with in a time frame of 2 years. It has been required that such a plan must cover all microbiological, chemical and physical hazards that might arise from the raw materials used, covering the entire of the manufacturing process, right up to the point of handover to the Customer. It was also specified that any support programmes, with the prerequisites must be effectively implemented with proper result.At this point I would suggest that such documentation must be completed upon a product-by-product basis and my project plan suggests that suitably qualified personnel should be employed to advance this process. Summary of the problem From the case study it is possible to glean that Potter's Foods being a medium-sized manufacturer of chilled ready meals based in the north of England has three large factory buildings dealing with bakery and party food items which are called Bakery, Chilled and Party .We have been told that the seasoning room and the raw material distribution centre are located in the same store and that the Company uses its own transport for work in progress foods or raw materials however it has not been mentioned that the distribution centre or its transport have proper refrigeration as this is very important for HACCP implementation and could be major reason for the foreign body complaints Potter Foods are facing. In the drawing up of the project plan it is pertinent to note that Potter Foods has to keep up its marketing edge as a flexible manufacturer, with low cost production and prompt delivery and at the same time utilise and keep up the customer confidence. It has also been mentioned that Party is an old building and may not be conducive to the HACCP implementation. There is a problem of taking action against suppliers for defective and unsafe food as it has been said that the raw materials purchased have little paper work into them. As mentioned before Potter's foods are having trouble with microbiological counts and poor equipment maintenance and there is consultation at an organised level with in the technical managers and directors. It has been stated that there is a large amount of wastage due to changes in raw materials suppliers and that the timing of the cooked foods and their temperatures is not adjusted for safety. There is also another danger as it has been stated

Corporate Social Responsibility At New Balance Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility At New Balance - Essay Example An increasing social awareness and concerns also require the corporation to behave more ethically and in an eco-friendly manner. Despite a long history and a strong commitment to the corporate citizenship by the leaders and the employees, the company has some loopholes that must be looked upon to build an effective image of the business as socially respite on the single entity. The given case highlights some important areas that must be focused on in order to build a far-reaching and effective CSR strategy. At the first place, the leadership should incorporate the CSR in company’s formal structure. This can be done by forming a department of corporate responsibility. The department should include a CEO of the company in its executive committee. The Executive committee should also have managers responsible for consumer insights, operations, designs, footwear, apparels and brand management. This would result in increased focus on the company as well as of employees towards social responsibility. Another positive effect would be the formal disclosure of the activities done by the department, internally and externally. Once the department would be made, the other issue can be looked into more deeply. Since the organization is doing extraordinarily good in some areas and facing risks in others, it should concentrate more on the already flourished ones (supply chain management, employee volunteering, community involvement etc.) to be the leader in them. At the same time, the leadership should also take into consideration the risky areas and their efficient management. Both the steps are necessary for the achieving its goal of responsible leadership. It requires an address and concern to the following issues: The first issue that must be addressed by the CSR department is the clear and consistent definition and communication of the organization’s view of responsible leadership.

Artists Expressing Their Feelings Through Objects English Literature Essay

Artists Expressing Their Feelings Through Objects English Literature Essay Artists express their feelings and what is in their minds through objects. Further, objects may also be used to express artists spirit or religion or orientation they have on various issues existing in their environment. Basic idea behind objects is maintained by strong symbolism incident on objects. Most of the times when a piece of art is displayed, people focus on the meaning the object is projecting rather than the description and the accuracy of the object. It is symbolism that makes work produced by artists to be interpreted in many ways. Even if everybody looks at the same piece of work, they will have varying ideas in their minds. It is only the creator of the piece of art who has the ultimate meaning of it. It is the inventor who understands his or her invention better than any other person. This implies that a mere observer of a piece of art will always have a different idea about that piece of art. Often the understanding is shallow and devoid of depth in meaning. Sometime s it requires one to study the background of the artist in order to get insight and deeper understanding of his work. Some artist may tell orally or in writing the meaning behind their work. By doing so, they allow people to have a better view of their world of thought and what their work stands for or represents. However many symbolists do not do so. They leave their work of art open giving room to varying interpretations. Such open interpretation technique also applies in dreams. No one person can understand another persons dream. Just like a piece of art, building blocks of dreams are experiences, feelings and emotions that human go through when they are awake replayed in their state of sleep. Such experiences are not universal. They are unique and experienced at different times under different circumstances. It is the wearer of the shoe who knows where it pinches. Likewise it is the owner of the dream who knows its origin and probable implications in his or her life. Symbolists may also use a piece of art or a painting to express their emotions or feelings at a particular time. Art an expression of what one has seen, experienced, tasted and felt. It is important to note that artist do not exist in a vacuum. They live in spaces in the world where lives are shaped by what people go through. These experiences allocate deep meanings on a piece a carving, a sculpture or a painting. Over time, mood, maturity and circumstances of the artist May change. These changes will have an effect on interpretation of the piece of creation in general. It is not easy to comprehend what dreams are and why people dream. Existence of dreams and their meaning has been and continues to be a curious subject within the scientific community. Sigmund Freud work attempts to classify sub conscious mind into three parts. Id, ego and the superego. He asserts that these sections are the inner desires that constitutes and complete the dreaming process. In his work, he defines ego as that part of the brain that is responsible for self awareness. He explains that this sections aids functionality of individuals. This is because it is aware of senses and perceptions of the world and how the world works. On the other hand, he considers the Id as the section inhabited by desires that are more often primal and primitive. Such cravings according to Freud include uncontrolled pursuit of pleasure and sexual desires. Finally, the superego functions as a censor of the Id.It suppresses evil desires and acts that are considered immoral by the wider society. It also turns desires of the Id into symbolic images or figures inside dreams(Sigmund,pg 67). Incontestable fact is; materials that constitute a dream can be traced back to experience the dreamer has gone through. These materials are then remembered or reproduced in the dream. However, in making assumption that connection between reality and dream content is obvious deliberate and careful effort should be applied before lying claim that connection between the two exists. Certain peculiarities within the memory faculty have so far defied explanation. Being fully aware of such peculiarities will make it easy for dreams to be understood. In a dream context, certain materials exist and cannot be traced as part of experience and knowledge in a wake state. Most of the times, an individual is able to remember having dreamt of the things but cannot recall actual experience or moment of its happenings in the dream. The source of such experience and knowledge in the dream remains elusive and one is tempted to believe in a separate independent activity. The truth is dreams can be mysterious as well as baffling. The same way people wonder what a piece of art means or represents, so is with the process of interpreting dreams. It is quite intriguing what a specific dream means to an individual. Largely, dreams still remain mysterious not only to the dreamer but also to scholars who have dedicated time and resources to study them. In spite of tremendous progress made in the field of science, a lot of ground is yet to be covered. Sigmund Freud has referred to a dream as royal roadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.to the unconscious. This is a timeless statement that will remain relevant in psychology for a long time. He says that each and every dream is a fulfillment of hidden wishes. This is a theory he held on until he died. The idea that secret wishes are hidden in a dream is a central and very classical Freudian psychoanalysis. Other ideas on dreams exist besides Freudian theory. There are people who believe that dreams contain static or fixed meanings. If you dream about onions, it means hard work.. Others believe that. If you dream about death, death will occur in your family. Some modern scientists claim that dreams are images originating from uneven electrical activities in the human brain as it housecleans itself during sleep. Others who include Freud believe in unconscious relevance of dreams and view them as fulfillment of human wishes. The truth of the matter is, dreams are a valuable hint on how to better human lives. In psychotherapy-dream itself cannot be used. When narrating a dream to another person, dream is put into words. This is an unrealistic representation of images and symbols observed in the dream. Words can only paint a picture on somebody else mind through description. But they cannot completely be an alternative to the object or image seen during the dream. Talking about dream only gives the text of perception about it. Significance of imagery and symbolism in dreams. Since the beginning of time, dreams have been objects of mystery and fascination. A clear and vivid image during sleep seems to originate from sources outside our conscious mind. Every dream seems to be a clear message from the unconscious part of human beings that points to the conscious part and then expressed in a language that needs to be understood. Dreams have been referred to as the loyal path or road to human souls. They are composed of varying elements of human identity .According to Dreyer, On the most superficial level we can look at the dream as a commentary on some or ordinary everyday experience or situation that the dreamer is dealing with. On a deeper level we can explore the dream taking place in the dream with each image and symbol in the dream representing some psychological aspect of the dreamer. The conscious mind is always slow in allowing us to have full recollection of dreams. Since dreams deliver messages to humans in images and symbols, human conscious preconceptions are frequently disturbed and make one to wonder who people are and who they are about. Like a play with sub-plots and plots so is a dream. Numerous actions take place in a dream. Though dreams often exaggerate feelings and images in bizarre and grotesque way, these images and symbols are not to be taken lightly. Comprehending dreams is like exploring a piece of poem or a prose. They open up to a whole world of fantasy and imaginations which reveals to human the various aspects of self that are long kept secret like a hidden treasure awaiting discovery(Nicky,pg 32). Every dream is unique. Possessions and personal experiences of the dreamer are many and are different from one dream to another. Images that are also similar in a dream might possess different meaning for different people. This is because context in which dreams occur, individual experiences and lives are completely different. Rightness or correctness of a particular symbol or image is only known to the dreamer when it comes to interpretation of the dreams. However, there are some universal symbols and images that occur in a dream. Exploring possibilities the images represent can help to deepen and enrich the significance of a dream and open it up to deeper layers of meaning. Things that are dreamed about possess emotions as well as deeper psychological significance. This is more than what might appear apparent if one can consider a dream about a home or a house. You cannot escape from the fact that it may be a setting of a specific house one is aware about. A place one has dwelt in, seen or visited. A strong connection exists between the context of the dream and the reality of the house. What is happens in the mind or in the body in a waking state is invoked in the dream about the house or the home. One might be reminded about his or her experiences when young and living in the house. Feelings of alienation and belonging, harmony and conflict, insecurity and security during our stay there might appear in the dream. The house psychologically becomes an extension of the physical being and identity in the world. Some unfamiliar rooms or places in the house may stand for unexplained sections of potential resident in ones personality. Trying to explore unfamiliar house may indeed turn out to be a representation of somebodys effort or journey to dwell or interrogate further his or her own personality. This may as well have an extended meaning of effort made in exploring the psychological issues that resides in a persons emotional space. When one dreams of going back to a room in a house he or she knew when young, it may stand for a known or familiar situation but possessing different possibilities (Zygmunt, pg 38). Reactions and feelings to inhabitants and the house or its context is important in comprehending the importance or significance of the rooms or the entire house in the dream. This may as well stand for a wish to go back to a time of innocence during childhood or a desire to go on and leave the house by getting on with some unconcluded business in life. A unique view of ourselves as presented to us by dreams is always a factor that cannot be ignored. This more often than not originates from wiser and deeper sections of our psyche. It behaves in a way to moderate and counterbalance our perceptions. Sometimes, dreams comment on a wider worldwide and cultural issues. However it must be constellated within the confines of the entire community and our psyche. Conclusion. In psychology, wish fulfillment means realization of desires through thought process that includes neurotic symptoms, daydreams and dreams. Freudian psychoanalysis observes wish fulfillment as something which happens when superego and ego rejects cravings of the unconscious. This often happen due to guilt and fear as a result of constraints imposed on people by the society and the culture. He observes that origin of dreams is an attempt by the unconscious to deal with inner and outer conflicts that emanate from present or past occurrences. He suggests that bad dream let the brain learn to gain control over emotions resulting from distressing experiences (Sigmund, pg 117). Another scientist by the name Ferenczi observes in his work that dream, when told, may communicate something that is not being said outright. Hartmann on the subject of the dream says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by making connections in a safe place and allowing the dreamer to integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life.. This observations made from Scholars of the authority on the subject do not point to specific danger caused by dreams. It is quite clear human will have to contend with dreams and study around the subject will continue to attract attention.

Comparing the Deceitful Women of Homers Odyssey and the Bible Essay

The Deceitful Women of Homer's Odyssey and the Bible Across all barriers, women have always brought pain, suffering, and aguish to the men as demonstrated in both Homer's Odyssey and the Bible. With their beauty and grace, temptresses like the Sirens and Delilah lure men into their grasps, only to later steer them to their ruin. Other times, they use their cunning abilities and deception, as Circe and Jezebel did, in order to entice men into doing things that they normally would never accede to do. Moreover, most tragedies, disasters, and misfortunes are essentially caused by women as demonstrated by Helen, who caused the Trojan War, and Eve, who caused the exile of all mankind from the Garden of Eden and is the mother of all sin. The women of the Odyssey and the women of the Bible, through astute manipulation and seduction, inflict many tribulations, which in due course cause the pains and destruction of mankind. First, one of the most obvious examples of how seductresses lead men to disaster is the Sirens. The Sirens in the Odyssey are the personifications of temptation and, as Circes puts it, "enchanters of mankind" (Odyssey 12.41-42). They spend their days luring men like Odysseus with their sweat melodious voices, and those men eventually find their deaths upon the feet of the Sirens. "They sit in their meadow, but the beach before it is pile with bone heaps of men now rotted away, and the skins shrivel upon them" (Odyssey12.45-46). Odysseus's immediate, visceral desires for the Sirens distract him from his nostos, or homeward journey. It is only by his foresight from Circes that keeps him and his men from destruction at the feet of the Sirens. Similarly, in the Bible, Delilah is the rogue ... ... Garden of Eden. Ultimately, women are the cause of all anguish in the world. With their beauty and charm, they ensnare men into their ruses. They also use their acumen and intelligence to seduce men to their deaths. Plus, women are capable and do cause massive atrocious destruction. The women of the Bible and the women of the Odyssey are lucid examples of how women cause the undoing of mankind. Works Cited and Consulted: Diana Buitron-Oliver and Beth Cohen,   "Between Skylla and Penelope: Female Characters of the Odyssey in Archaic and Classical Greek Art," pp. 29-58. Graham, A. J.   "The Odyssey, History, and Women,"   Princeton 1992 Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: 1996 The Bible: The Old Testament. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. Ed. Sarah Lawall et al. Vol 1. 7th ed. New York: Norton, 1999. 47-97.

Holocaust: Germany Adolf

The Holocaust was a devastating time in history that took many lives and changed a lot of people’s outlooks on life itself. The Holocaust started on January 30, 1933, when Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, and it ended on May 8, 1945 when the  war in Europe ended. During the Holocaust approximately 5,860,000 Jews lost their lives, which include children also. Many Jewish communities suffered significant losses during the Holocaust. Also, it is estimated that the Nazis established approximately 15,000 camps in their occupied territories.The Holocaust was a time period of death and racism; it involved the power and the powerless. Families, friends, and communities were separated and killed; some Jews made it but many died. This huge epidemic involved the mass murder of children, adults, and even the elderly. Due to the levels of power and strength, the Nazis easily took over and the Holocaust began (Rosenberg). Adolf Hitler, the cruel man whom started the Holocaust, d id not always have power. Surprisingly, Adolf Hitler grew up in a poor family, and had a horrible relationship with his father.Alois Hitler, Adolf’s father, wanted Adolf to become a civil servant for the Austrian Empire as he did, but Adolf wanted to study art and become an artist. However, after Alois died, Adolf pursued his dream with his mother’s support and studied art. Adolf’s goal was to enter the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, but after applying he had been refused. Vienna Academy of Fine Arts stated that Adolf’s work was of unsatisfactory and did not meet their standards. Vienna, filled with 200,000 Jews alone, describes the race of people who kept Adolf Hitler from pursuing his lifelong dream of becoming an artist.With this being sated, Hitler soon grew anger towards the race of Jews. In 1914 World I Began and Adolf enlisted in the German Army, after serving four years and making his way back to Munich, Germany Adolf got a job as a political traini ng official. Here Adolf met the general in command of Bavaria, whom was one of the most important figures of the Nazi. Gaining power, Adolf quit his job in the army and devoted his life to the party of the Nazi’s. Becoming dictator, Adolf got to feel the power that he always wanted to feel, aiming towards the race who stole his dream; the Jews were now his target.Hitler had the Nazi party behind him and eventually had thousands of soldiers to help him invade the many countries that housed many Jews. Adolf Hitler, once poor, finally gained the power he envied, and will later use this power in a very negative way (Tynan). Jews, just like everyone else, lived in a society, had a family, had a job, and lived a life. After Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, he began to take over many things including the Jewish race. The hostility towards Jews increased in Germany.This was reflected by many shops and restaurants to not serve the Jewish population. Placards saying â€Å"Je ws not admitted† and â€Å"Jews enter this place at their own risk† began to appear all over Germany. In some parts of the country Jews were banned from public parks, swimming-pools and even public transport. Germans were also encouraged to not use Jewish doctors or lawyers. Taking over and sending many Jews to the concentration camps, Adolf Hitler managed to kill many millions of Jews. The Jews that lives in these concentration camps lived in conditions that were not even suitable for animals.Almost killing the whole race of Jews, Adolf Hitler was satisfied. Many disturbing events happened; Jews were worked to death, brutally tortured, and burned to death. Adolf Hitler’s anger towards the Jews showed in this horrible time period. Jews, just like everyone else, had an important life to live; however, Adolf Hitler did not see the importance of life in the race of the Jews (Wilson). Children, innocent and trusting, were very vulnerable during the Holocaust. The Naz is advocated on killing the children of the unwanted. The Germans killed more than 1. million children. Many children died of starvation and lack of adequate shelter. German authorities generally selected children along with the elderly, ill, and disabled, for the first deportations to killing centers, or as the first victims led to mass graves to be shot (â€Å"Holocaust Museum†). In today’s society children are mostly protected from any harm or danger, but unfortunately the children of the Holocaust were murdered and vulnerable at all times. Think of your childhood, have you ever got lost in a store and separated from your parents?During that time of separation, children become scared and overwhelmed. Furthermore, during the Holocaust many children were separated from their parents, the innocent children who had no idea of what was happening and who did not do anything to deserve to be brutally treated, had to deal with this stress that even an adult could not comple tely handle. The lives of these children were taken without that child not even getting the chance to experience what life really was. Selfishly, the Nazis did not want these children to live because f the ethnicity, but what they did not understand is, these helpless children did not chose to be born Jewish; they did not have the power to fight back or to defend themselves. Children were killed in the Holocaust due to the generations of their past family members, they did not have the choice to live or die. Children, whom were victims of the Holocaust, did not choose this for themselves and had their lives stolen from them without knowing it. After the Holocaust ended, many people were devastated. Jews and many other cultures were left without food and shelter.Many of these people did not have a job and lost their family also. Many Jews never found their family members, and never got reunited with their friends from the past. Unfortunately, when many of the Jews tried to return to Poland, they were murdered by mobs. Furthermore, even when the Holocaust was over, the Jews still suffered a hard life. Looking for new homes approximately 137,000 Jews came to the United States, which admitted almost 400,000 refugees (â€Å"Holocaust Museum†). Jews mostly did not return to their homes because of the hatred of Jews that was portrayed in their former community.Possibly as many as 170,000 Jewish displaced persons and refugees had immigrated to Israel by 1953 (Rosenberg). Adolf Hitler, This cruel man, who killed millions of people, was finally put to justice. Death is never the answer, and I’m sure that his family and former friends were experiencing a huge loss, but during this time period the death of Adolf Hitler was the only answer that would punish him for his horrible crime. Despite what the Jews went through, they never demanded attention or compensation for what they went through.The Jews tried their hardest to return back to their normal lives, a nd find family members that they lost during the tragic time of the Holocaust. All in all, they avoided the temptation to hate or to teach their children to hate, which takes a lot of honor to do. Throughout this whole essay, I am trying to let the reader know that the Holocaust was a very devastating time for many cultures. Furthermore, before the Holocaust, the Jews lived a normal life, just like any other human being did. Afterwards, when the Jews were set free, it took them a really long time to return back to normal life, though their lives will never be normal gain. The Jews and their families will always have fear, and never forget the horrible things that they seen and went through. Unquestionably, this period in time showed how evil mankind can be, and what humans will do over anger and madness. The holocaust was a horrible event that killed millions of innocent people and showed the world how inhuman mankind can be. The Holocaust, what is the true depth of this word? As sa d as it may seem, it affected the lives of millions because of the hate and jealously inside of one certain group of people, the Nazi’s.Millions of innocent adults and children had their lives stolen from them over one man’s anger and hatred. Many people of today’s society could not imagine being treated as the Jews were treated. The Jews were treated as wild animals; they were locked away and barely fed or sheltered. Can you find a word to describe this act? Dehumanization, Man and man are supposed to work together to make their community better. Every human is just alike, we all have; hair, two eyes, two arms, two legs, and a brain to think.Furthermore, we all also have emotions and feelings. Would Adolf Hitler want to be treated how he treated the Jews? No, nobody would like to be treated as if they did not belong or matter. Everyone has a purpose in this world, and everyone is born for a reason. Let the Jews that died and suffered, rest in peace and live the ir life the best that they possibly can. These people who went through and experienced this unbearable time in history, are the strongest people of mankind. It took a lot of emotional and physical power to overcome that experience.The Holocaust has been over for many many years, but the wounds still scar the Jews and their families and many other groups of people too. May god let the soles of the Holocaust rest in peace, for you will never be disclaimed. As your stories fade into history, we will never forget the courage that it took to bare the actions that you endured during the Holocaust. This era in time will never be forgotten, and all of whom died and suffered through this horrible tragedy will always be remembered, for we will never forget the courage they held, and the hurt that they endured.

Gmat Cr

 ® GMAT ® Critical Reasoning Practice Set – 1 2 Aristotle Prep  ® Also Check Out: – Aristotle Sentence Correction Grail – Aristotle RC Practice Sets 1 & 2 -Ultimate One minute Explanations to OG12SC -Aristotle New SC Question bank Available for FREE Download on our website 1) Aristotle CR Question Bank 2) US B-Schools Ranking 2012 3) Quant Concepts & Formulae 4) Global B-School Deadlines 2012 5) OG 11 & 12 Unique Questions’ list 6) GMAT Scoring Scale Conversion Matrix 7) International (non-US) B-Schools Ranking www. aristotleprep. com 3 IntroductionA lot of GMAT instructors recommend that to improve their score on the Critical Reasoning section of the GMAT, students should practice from LSAT Logical Reasoning questions. While overall this strategy is fine, one problem students face is that a lot of the questions on the LSAT are not representative of those on the GMAT; some have dubious answers while some are of a question type that is not tested on t he GMAT at all. To help students overcome this problem we, at Aristotle, have come out with compilation of 101 LSAT questions that are very similar to those that students are likely to see on the GMAT.All these questions have been compiled from past official LSAT tests (tests which are readily available in the public domain) and we haven? t made any changes to these. An answer key has been provided at the end of this booklet but explanations for each answer have not been provided. In case you want detailed explanation to a question(s) please post the question(s) on „Forums? section on our website – www. aristotleprep. com – and one of experts will revert within 24 hours of the same. Good luck! CR Practice Set – 1 www. aristotleprep. com the the the our 4 1.Ann: All the campers at Camp Winnehatchee go to Tri -Cities High School Bill: That? s not true. Some Tri-Cities students are campers at Camp Lakemont. Bill? s answer can be best explained on the assumpti on that he has interpreted Ann? s remark to mean that (A) most of the campers at Camp Lakemont come from high schools other than T riCities (B) most Tri-Cities High School students are campers at Camp Winnehatchee (C) some Tri-Cities High School students have withdrawn from Camp Lakemont (D) all Tri-Cities High School students have withdrawn from Camp Lakemont (E) only campers at Camp Winnehatchee are students at Tri -Cities High School . More than a year ago, the city announced that police would crack down on illegally parked cars and that resources would be diverted from writing speeding tickets to ticketing illegally parked cars. But no crackdown has taken place. The police chief claims that resources have had to be diverted from writing speeding tickets to combating the city? s staggering drug problem. Yet the police are still writing as many speeding tickets as ever. Therefore, the excuse about resources being tied up in fighting drug-related crime simply is not true.The conclu sion in the passage depends on the assumption that (A) every member of the police force is qualified to work on combating the city? s drug problem (B) drug-related crime is not as serious a problem for the city as the police chief claims it is (C) writing speeding tickets should be as important a priority for the city as combating drug-related crime (D) the police could be cracking down on illegally parked cars and combating the drug problem without having to reduce writing speeding tickets (E) the police cannot continue writing as many speeding tickets as ever while diverting resources to combating drug-related crime . Dried grass clippings mixed into garden soil gradually decompose, providing nutrients for beneficial soil bacteria. This results in better -than-average plant growth. Yet mixing fresh grass clippings into garden soil usually causes poorer than-average plant growth. Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the difference in plant growth described abo ve? (A) The number of beneficial soil bacteria increases whenever any kind of plant material is mixed into garden soil. (B) Nutrients released by dried grass clippings are immediately available to beneficial soil bacteria. ww. aristotleprep. com 5 (C) Some dried grass clippings retain nutrients originally derived from commercial lawn fertilizers, and thus provide additional enrichment to the soil. (D) Fresh grass clippings mixed into soil decompose rapidly, generating high levels of heat that kill beneficial soil bacteria. (E) When a mix of fresh and dried grass clippings is mixed into garden soil, plant growth often decreases. 4. A gas tax of one cent per gallon would raise one billion dollars per year at current consumption rates.Since a tax of fifty cents per gallon would therefore raise fifty billion dollars per year, it seems a perfect way to deal with the federal budget deficit. This tax would have the addi tional advantage that the resulting drop in the demand for gasoline wo uld be ecologically sound and would keep our country from being too dependent on foreign oil producers. Which one of the following most clearly identifies an error in the author? s reasoning? (A) The author cites irrelevant data. (B) The author relies on incorrect current consumption figures. C) The author makes incompatible assumptions. (D) The author mistakes an effect for a cause. (E) The author appeals to conscience rather than reason. 5. There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being published. There is a system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific finding, namely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientist, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless hen other scientists conduct the experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results. Which one of the following, if true, wo uld weaken the argument? (A) Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years before they are replicated. (B) Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer review before publication. (C) Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication. (D) In scientific experiments, careless reporting is more common than fraud. (E) Most scientists work as part of a team rather than alone. 6.Alice: Quotas on automobile imports to the United States should be eliminated. Then domestic producers would have to compete directly with Japanese manufacturers and would be forced to produce higher-quality cars. Such competition would be good for consumers. www. aristotleprep. com 6 David: You fail to realize, Alice, that quotas on automobile imports are pervasive worldwide. Since German, Britain, and France have quotas, so should the United States. Which one of the following most accurately characterizes David? s response to Alice? s statement? (A) David falsely accuses Alice of contradicting herself. B) David unfairly directs his argument against Alice personally. (C) David uncovers a hidden assumption underlying Alice? s position. (D) David takes a position that is similar to the one Alice has taken. (E) David fails to address the reasons Alice cites in favour of her conclusion. 7. Governments have only one response to public criticism of soci ally necessary services: regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources.However, sin ce public criticism of child-care services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond. Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the passage? (A) The quality of child care will improve. (B) The cost of pr oviding child-care services will increase. (C) The government will use funding to foster advances in child care. (D) If public criticism of policy is strongly voiced, the government is certain to respond. (E) If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing child care will not increase. . Advertisers are often criticized for their unscrupulous manipulation of people? s tastes and wants. There is evidence, however, that some advertisers are motivated by moral as well as financial considerations. A particular publication decided to change its image from being a family newspaper to concentrating on sex and violence, thus appealing to a different readership. Some advertisers withdrew their advertisements from the publication, and this must have been because they morally disapproved of publishing salacious material. Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument? A) The advertisers switched their advertisements to other family newspapers. (B) Some advertisers switched from family newspapers to advertise in the changed publication. (C) The advertisers expected their product sales to increase if they stayed with the changed publication, but to decrease if they withdrew. (D) People who generally read family newspapers are not likely to buy newspapers that concentrate on sex and violence. (E) It was expected that the changed publication would appeal principally to those in a different income group. www. aristotleprep. com 7 9.If retail stores experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season, then either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford. If attitudes have changed, then we all have something to celebrate this season. If prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford, then it must be that salaries have not kept pace with rising prices during the past year. Assuming the premises above to be true, if salaries have kept pace with ri sing prices during the past year, which one of the following must be true? (A) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed. B) Retail stores will not experience a decrease in retail sales during this holiday season. (C) Prices in retail stores have not risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season. (D) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have not changed, and stores will not experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season. (E) Either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season. 10. The â€Å"suicide wave† that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact.Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 shows that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher. Which one of the following, if true, would best challenge the conclusion of the passage? (A) The suicide rate is influenced by many psychological, interpersonal, and societal factors during any given historical period. B) October and November have almost always had relatively high suicide rates, even during the 1920s and 1930s. (C) The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the average for those months during several preceding and following years. (D) During the years surrounding the stock market crash, suicide rates were typically lower at the beginning of any calendar year than toward the end of that year. (E) Because of seasonal differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be expected to be the same as those for other months. 11.Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown when they leave www. aristotleprep. com 8 the nest. Thus, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit by their nesting experience.Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument? (A) Blackbirds build better nests than other birds. (B) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increases with each successive trial during the first few years of reproduction. (C) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time. (D) Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blac kbirds. (E) Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest. 12.How do the airlines expect to prevent commercial plane crashes? Studies have shown that pilot error contributes to two-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airlines have upgraded their training programs by increasing the hours of classroom instruction and emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is unrealistic to expect such measures to compensate for pilots? lack of actual flying time. Therefore, the airlines should rethink their training approach to reducing commercial crashes. Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends? A) Training programs can eliminate pilot errors. (B) Commercial pilots routinely undergo additional training throughout their careers. (C) The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time. (D) Lack of actual flying time is an important contrib utor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes. (E) Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs. Questions 13-14 are based on the following: Despite improvements in treatment for asthma, the death rate from this disease has doubled during the past decade from its previous rate.Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and accurate in the past decade than it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms. 13.Each of the following, if true, provides support to the argument EXCEPT: (A) Urban populations have doubled in the past de cade. (B) Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years as for the past ten years. (C) Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen. www. aristotleprep. com 9 (D) By temporarily relieving the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more beneficial measures. (E) Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were not available as an asthma treatment. 14. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A) Urban pollution has not doubled in the past decade. (B) Doctors and patients generally ignore the role of allergies in asthma. (C) Bronchial inhalers are unsafe, even when used according to the recommended instructions. (D) The use of bronchial inhalers aggravates other diseases that frequently occur among asthma sufferers and that often lead to fatal outcomes even when the asthma itself does not. (E) Increased urban pollution, improved recording of asthma deaths, and the u se of bronchial inhalers are the only possible explanations of the increased death rate due to asthma. 15.There is little point in looking to artists for insights into political issues. Most of them hold political views that are less insightful than those of any reasonably well educated person who is not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a whole, the statements made by artists, including those considered great, indicate that artistic talent and political insight are rarely found together. Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage? (A) There are no artists who have insights into political issues. (B) A thorough education in art makers a person reasonably well educated. C) Every reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist has more insight into political issues than any artist. (D) Politicians rarely have any artistic talent. (E) Some artists are no less politically insightful than some reasonably well educated persons who are not artists. 16. Rita: The origin al purpose of government farm subsidy programs was to provide income stability for small family farmers. But most farm -subsidy money goes to a few farmers with large holdings. Payments to farmers whose income, before subsidies, is greater than $100,000 a year should be stopped.Thomas: It would be impossible to administer such a cut -off point. Subsidies are needed during the planting and growing season, but farmers do not know their income for given calendar year until tax returns are calculated and submitted the following April. Which one of the following, if true, is the strongest counter Rita can make to Thomas' objection? (A) It has become difficult for small farmers to obtain bank loans to be repaid later by money from subsidies. (B) Having such a cut-off point would cause some farmers whose income would otherwise exceed $100,000 to reduce their plantings. www. ristotleprep. com 10 (C) The income of a farmer varies because weather and market prices are not stable from year to year. (D) If subsidy payments to large farmers were eliminated the financial condition of the government would improve. (E) Subsidy cut-offs can be determined on the basis of income for the preceding year. 17. Modern physicians often employee laboratory tests, in addition to physical examinations, in order to diagnose diseases accurately. Insurance company regulations that deny coverage for certain laboratory tests therefore decrease the quality of medical care provided to patients.Which one of the following is an assumption that would serve to justify the conclusion above? (A) Physical examinations and the uncovered laboratory tests together provide a more accurate diagnosis of many diseases than do physical examinations alone. (B) Many physicians generally oppose insurance company regulations that, in order to reduce costs, limit the use of laboratory tests. (C) Many patients who might benefit from the uncovered laboratory tests do not have any form of health insurance. D) There a re some illnesses that experienced physicians can diagnose accurately from physicians examination alone. (E) Laboratory tests are more costly to perform than are physical examinations. 18. Oil analysts predict that if the price of oil falls by half, the consumer's purchase price for gasoline made from this oil will also fall by half. Which one of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the prediction made by the oil analysts? (A) Improved automobile technology and new kinds of fuel for cars have enabled some drivers to use less gasoline. B) Gasoline manufacturers will not expand their profit margins. (C) There are many different gasoline companies that compete with each othe r to provide the most attractive price to consumers. (D) Studies in several countries show that the amount of gasoline purchased by consumers initially rises after the price of gasoline has fallen. (E) Refining costs, distribution costs, and taxes, none of which varies significantly with oil prices, constitute a large portion of the prices of gasoline. 19. A survey was recently conducted among ferry passengers on the North Sea.Among the results was this: more of those who had taken anti -seasickness medication before their trip reported symptoms of seasickness than those who had not taken such medication. It is clear then, that despite claims by drug companies that clinical tests show the contrary, people would be better off not taking anti -seasickness medications. Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above? www. aristotleprep. com 11 (A) Given rough enough weather, most ferry passengers will have some symptoms of seasickness. (B) The clinical tests reported by the drug companies were conducte d by the drug companies' staffs. C) People who do not take anti -seasickness medication are just as likely to respond to a survey on seasickness as people who do. (D) The seasickness symptoms of the people who took anti -seasickness medication wo uld have been more severe had they not taken the medication. (E) People who have spent money on anti -seasickness medication are less likely to admit symptoms of seasickness than those who have not. 20. Economic considerations colour every aspect of international dealings, and nations are just like individuals in that the lender sets the terms of its dealings with the borrower.That is why a nation that owes money to anoth er nation cannot be world leader. The reasoning in the passage assumes which one of the following? (A) A nation that does not lend to any other nation cannot be a world leader. (B) A nation that can set the terms of its dealings with other nations is certain to be a world leader. (C) A nation that has the terms of its dealings with another action set by that nation cannot be a world leader. (D) A nation that is a world leader can borrow from another nation as long as that other nation does not set the terms of the dealings between the two nations. E) A nation that has no dealings with any other nation cannot be world leader. 21. Political theorist: The chief foundations of all governments are the legal system and the police force and as there cannot be a good legal system where the police are not well paid, it follows that where the police are well paid there will be good legal system. The reasoning in the argument is not sound because it fails to establish that: (A) many governments with bad legal systems have poorly paid police forces. B) bad governments with good legal systems must have poorly paid police forces. (C) a well-paid police force cannot be effective without a good legal system. (D) a well-paid police force is sufficient to guarantee a good legal system (E) some bad governments have good legal systems. 22. Court records from medieval France show that in the years 1300 to 1400 the number of people arrested in the French realm for â€Å"violent interpersonal crimes† (not committed in wars) increased by 30 percent over the n umber of people arrested for such crimes in the years 1200 to 1300.The increase was not the result of false arrests; therefore, medieval France had a higher level of documented interpersonal violence in the years 1300 to 1400 than in the years 1200 to 1300. Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? www. aristotleprep. com 12 (A) In the years 1300 to 1400 the French government's category of violent crimes included an increasing variety of interpersonal crimes that are actually nonviolent. (B) Historical accounts by monastic chroniclers in the years 1300 to 1400 are fill ed with descriptions of violent attacks committed by people living in the French realm C) The number of individual agreements between two people in which they swore oaths not to attack each other increased substantially after 1300. (D) When English armies tried to conquer parts of France in the mid – to late 1300s. violence in the northern province of Normandy and the south -western province of Gascony increased. (E) The population of medical France increased substantially during the first five decades of the 1300s until the deadly bubonic plague decimated the population of France after 1348. 23.Rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of bean plants or other le gumes produce fixed nitrogen which is one of the essential plant nutrients and which for non -legume crops, such as wheat normally must be supplied by applications of nitrogen -based fertilizer. So if biotechnology succeeds in producing wheat strains whose r oots will play host to Rhizobium bacteria, the need for artificial fertilizers will be reduced. The argument above makes which one of the following assumptions? (A) Biotechnology should be directed toward producing plants that do not require artificial fertilizer. B) Fixed nitrogen is currently the only soil nutrient that must be supplied by artificial fertilizer for growing wheat crops. (C) There are no naturally occurring strains of w heat or other grasses that have Rhizobium bacteria living in their roots. (D) Legumes are currently the only crops that produce their own supply of fixed nitrogen. (E) Rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of wheat would produce fixed nitrogen. 24. Current legislation that requires designated sections for smokers and non-smokers on the premises of privately owned businesses is an intrusion into the private sector that cannot be justified.The fact that studies indicate that non-smokers might be harmed by inhaling the smoke from others' cig arettes is not the main issue. Rather, the main issue concerns the government's violation of the right of private businesses to determine their own policies and rule. Which one of the following is principle that, if accepted, could enable the conclusion to be properly drawn? (A) Government intrusion into the policies and rules of private businesses is justified only when individuals might be harmed. (B) The right of individuals to breathe safe air supersedes the right of businesses to be free from government intrusion. C) The right of businesses to self-determination overrides whatever right or duty the government may have to protect the individual. (D) It is the duty of private businesses to protect employees from harm in the workplace. (E) Where the rights of businesses and the duty of government conflict, the main issue is finding a successful compromise. www. aristotleprep. com 13 25. Leachate is a solution, frequently highly contaminated, that develops when water permeates a landfill site. If and only if the landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachate escape into the environment, genera lly in unpredictable quantities.A method must be found for disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is send directly to sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water. Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage? (A) The ability to predic t the volume of escaping landfill leachate would help solve the disposal problem. (B) If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will escape into the environment. (C) No sewage treatment plants are capable of handling leachate. (D) Some landfill leachate is send to sewage treatment plants that re incapable of handling it. (E) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfill's capacity to hold liquids has not been exceeded. 26. The soaring prices of scholarly and scientific journals have forced academic libraries used only by academic researchers to drastically reduce their list of subscriptions. Some have suggested that in each academic discipline subscription decisions should be determined solely by a journal's usefulness in that discipline, measured by the frequency with which it is cited in published writings by researchers in the discipline.Which one of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the sugge stion described above? (A) The non-academic readership of a scholarly or scientific journal can be accurately gauged by the number of times articles appearing in it are cited in daily newspapers and popular magazines. (B) The average length of a journal article in some sciences, such as physics, is less than half the average length of a journal article in some other academic disciplines, such as history. (C) The increasingly expensive scholarly journals are less and less likely to be available to the general public from non-academic public libraries. D) Researchers often will not cite a journal article that has influenced their work if they think that the journal in which it appears is not highly regarded by the leading researchers in the mainstream of the discipline (E) In some academic disciplines, controversies which begin in the pages of one journal spill over into articles in other journals that are widely read by researchers in the discipline. 27. The average level of fat in the blood of peo ple su ffering from acute cases of disease W is lower than the average level for the population as a whole.Nevertheless, most doctors believe that reducing blood-fat levels is an effective way of preventing acute W. www. aristotleprep. com 14 Which one of the following, if true, does most to justify this apparently paradoxical belief? (A) The blood level of fat for patients who have been cured of W is on average the same as that for the population at large. (B) Several of the symptoms characteristic of acute W have been produced in laboratory animals fed large doses of a synthetic fat substitute, though acute W itself has not been produced in this way. C) The progression from latent to acute W can occur only when the agent that causes acute W absorbs large quantities of fat from the patient's blood. (D) The levels of fat in the blood of patients who have disease W respond abnormally slowly to changes in dietary intake of fat. (E) High levels of fat in the blood are indicative of several di seases that are just as serious as W. 28. Baking for winter holidays is tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight.Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brain's levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improve the mood. In this respect, carbon hydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self prescribed medication. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? (A) Seasonal depression is one of the most easily treated forms of depression. (B) Lack of sunlight lowers the level of serotonin in the brain. (C) People are more likely to be depressed in midwinter than at other times of the year. D) Some antidepressants act by changing the brain's level of serotonin. (E) Raising the level of neurotransmitters in the brain effectively relieve s depression. 29. The current proposal to give college students a broader choice in planning their own courses of study should be abandoned. The students who are supporting the proposal will never be satisfied, no matter what requirements are established. Some of these students have reached their third year without declaring a major. One first-year student has failed to complete four required courses. Several others have indicated a serious indifference to grades and intellectual achievement.A flaw in the argument is that it does which one of the following? (A) avoids the issue by focusing on supporters of the proposal (B) argues circularly by assuming the conclusion is true in stating the premises. (C) fails to define the critical term â€Å"satisfied† (D) distorts the proposal advocated by opponents (E) users the term â€Å"student† equivocally 30. The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is certainly imprecise because we are not sure ho w different from us something might be and still count as â€Å"intelligent life†. Yet we cannot just decide to define â€Å"intelligent life† in www. ristotleprep. com 15 some more precise way since it is likely that we will find and recognize intelligent life elsewhere in the universe only if we leave our definitions open to new, unimagined possibilities. The argument can most reasonably be interpreted as an objection to which one of the following claims? (A) The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is one that will never be correctly answered. (B) Whether or not there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, our understanding of intelligent life is limited. (C) The question about the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in the niverse must be made more precise if we hope to answer it correctly. (D) The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is so imprecise as to be meaningless. (E) The question whe ther there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is one we should not spend our time trying to answer. 31. Pedro: Unlike cloth diapers, disposable diapers are a threat to the environment. Sixteen billion disposable diapers are discarded annually, filling up landfills at an alarming rate. So people must stop buying disposable diapers and use cloth diapers.Maria: But you forget that cloth diapers must be washed in hot water, which requires energy. Moreover, the resulting wastewater pollutes our rivers. When families use diaper services, diapers must be delivered by fuel -burning trucks that pollute the air and add to traffic congestion. Maria objects to Pedro's argument by (A) claiming that Pedro overstates the negative evidence about disposable diapers in the course of his argument in favour of cloth diapers. (B) indicating that Pedro draws a hasty conclusion, based on inadequate evidence about cloth diapers. C) pointing out that there is an ambiguous use of the word â€Å"d isposable† in Pedro's argument (D) demonstrating that cloth diapers are a far more serious threat to the environment than disposable diapers are (E) suggesting that the economic advantages of cloth diapers outweigh whatever environmental damage they may cause 32. In an experiment, two-year-old boys and their fathers made pie dough together using rolling pins and other utensils. Each father-son pair used a rolling pin that was distinctively different from those used by the other, â€Å"father -son pairs, and each father repeated the phrase â€Å"rolling pin† each time his son used it.But when the children were asked to identify all of the rolling pins among a group of kitchen utensils that included several rolling pins, each child picked only the one that he had used. Which one of the following inferences is most supported by the information above? (A) The children did not grasp the function of rolling pin. www. aristotleprep. com 16 (B) No two children understood the n ame â€Å"rolling pin† to apply to the same object (C) The children understood that all rolling pins have the same general shape. (D) Each child was able to identify correctly only the utensils that he had used. E) The children were not able to distinguish the rolling pins they used from other rolling pins. 33. When 100 people who have not used cocaine are tested for cocaine use, on average only 5 will test positive. By contrast, of every 100 people who have used cocaine 99 will test positive. Thus, when a randomly chosen group of peopl e is tested for cocaine use, the vast majority of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine. A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument (A) attempts to infer a value judgment from purely factual premises. B) attributes to every member of the population the properties of the average member of the population. (C) fails to take into account what proportion of the population have used cocaine. (D) ignores the fact th at some cocaine users do not test positive. (E) advocates testing people for cocaine use when there is no reason to suspect that they have used cocaine. 34. With the passage of the new tax reform law the annual tax burden on low -income taxpayers will be reduced, on average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers.Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion above? (A) Tax reform, by simplifying the tax code will save many people the expense of having an accountant do their taxes. (B) Tax reform, by eliminating tax incentives to build rental housing, will push up rents an average of about $40 per month for low-income taxpayers. (C) Low-income taxpayers have consistently voted for those political candidates who are strong advocates of tax reform. (D) The new tax reform laws will permit low and middle-income taxpayers to deduct Child-care expenses from their taxes. E) Under the new tax reform laws, many low-i ncome taxpayers who now pay taxes will no Longer be required to do so. 35. If we are to expand the exploration of our solar system our next manned flight should be to Phobos, one of Mars? s moons, rather than to Mars itself. The fli ght times to each are the same but the Phobos expedition would require less than half the fuel load of a Mars expedition and would, therefore, be much less costly. So, it is clear that Phobos should be our next step in space exploration. Which one of the following, if true, would most help to explain the difference in fuel requirement? A) More equipment would be required to explore Phobos than to explore Mars. (B) Smaller spaceships require less fuel than larger spaceships. www. aristotleprep. com 17 (C) Information learned during the trip to Phobos can be used during a subsequent trip to Mars. (D) The shortest distance between Phobos and Mars is less than half the shortest distance Between Earth and Mars. (E) Lift-off for the return trip from Phobos req uires much less fuel than that from Mars because of Phobos weaker gravitational pull. 36.Scientific research that involves international collaboration has produ ced papers of greater influence, as measured by the number of times a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects conducted by international research teams are of greater importance than those conducted by single researchers. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A) Prolific writers can inflate the number of citations they receive by citing themselves in subsequent papers. (B) It is possible to ascertain whether or not a paper is the product of international collaboration by determining the number of citations it has received (C) The number of cit ations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it reports. (D) The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce papers that are as important as papers that are prod uced by international collaboration. E) International research teams tend to be more generously funded than are single researchers. 37. It is more desirable to have some form of socialized medicine than a system of medical care relying on the private sector. Socialized medicine is more broadly accessible than is private-sector system. In addition, since countries with socialized medicine have a lower infant mortality rate than do countries with a system relying entirely on the private sector, socialized medicine seems to be technologically superior.Which one of the following best indicates a flaw in the argument about the technological superiority of socialized medicine? (A) The lower infant mortality rate might be due to the systems allowing greater acce ss to Medical care (B) There is no necessary connection between the economic system of socialism and Technological achievement. (C) Infant mortality is a reliable indicator of the quality of medical care for children. (D) No list is presented of the countries whose infant mortality statistics are summarized under the two categories, â€Å"socialized† and â€Å"private-sector†. E) The argument presupposes the desirability of socialized medicine, which is what the Argument seeks to-establish. www. aristotleprep. com 18 38. Lourdes: Dietary fibre is an important part of a healthful diet. Experts recommend that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of fibre a day. Kyra: But a daily intake of fibre that is significantly above that recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium. The public should be told to cut act on fibre intake Which one of the following, if true, most undermines Kyra? s recommendation? A) Among adults, the average cons umption of dietary fibre is at present approximately 10 grams a day. (B) The more a food is processed, the more the fibre is broken down and the lower the fibre content. (C) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fibre are economical and readily available (D) Adequate calcium intake helps prevent the decrease in bone mass known as osteoporosis. (E) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fibre are popular with consumers. 39. Book Review: When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city as well as I do if I am to take that writer seriously.If the writer is faking I know immediately and do not trust the writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the story teller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a good novel. Peter Lee's second novel is set in San Francisco, in this novel, as in his first, Lee passes my test with flying colours. Which one of the following can be properly inferred fr om the passage? (A) The book reviewer enjoys virtually any novel written by a novelist whom she trusts B) If the book reviewer trusts the novelist as a storyteller, the novel in question must be set in a city the book reviewer knows well (C) Peter Lee's first novel was set in San Francisco (D) The book reviewer does not trust any novel set in a city that she does not know well (E) The book reviewer does not believe that she knows San Francisco better than Peter Lee does 40. Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fundraisers or backroom strategists but few actually seek to become president themselves.Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been l awyers, military leaders, or full -time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coor dinative; as a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power sharin g, which are inherent in politics. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the proposed explanation of why business executives do not run for president? A) Many of the most active presidential fundraisers and backroom strategists are themselves politicians. www. aristotleprep. com 19 (B) Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power sharing than are business executives. (C) Some of the skills needed to become a successful lawyer are different from some of those needed to become a successful military leader. (D) Some former presidents have engaged in business ventures after leaving office (E) Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporters of candidates for president. 1. A scientific theory is a good theory i f it satisfies two requirements – it must accurately describe a large class of observati ons in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle? s cosmological theory, which claimed that everything was made out of four elements – earth, air, fire, and water – satisfied the first requirement but it did not make any definite prediction. Thus, Aristotle? cosmological theory was not a good theory. If all the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT: (A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory. (B) Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle? s cosmological Theory (C) Four elements can be the basis of a scientific model that is simp le enough to meet the Simplicity criterion of a good theory. (D) A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory (E) Aristotle? cosmological theory described a large class of observations in terms of only four elements. 42. Compared to non-profit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less public investment in the form of tax breaks, use fewer employees, and have higher occupancy levels. It can therefore be concluded that investor -owned hospitals are a better way of delivering medical care than are non-profit hospitals. Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion drawn above? (A) Non-profit hospitals charge more per bed than do investor-owned hospitals. B) Patients in non-profit hospitals recover more quickly than don patients with comparable Illnesses in investor-owned hospitals (C) Non-profit hospitals do more fundraising than do investor-owned hospitals. (D) Doctors at non-profit hospitals earn higher salaries than do similarly qualified doctors at investor-owned hospitals. (E) Non-profit hospitals receive more donations than do investor-owned hospitals. 43. The ancient Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten , who had a profound effect during his lifetime on Egyptian art and religi on, was well loved and highly respected by his subjects.We know this from the fierce loyalty show to him by his palace guards, as documented in reports written during Akhenaten? s reign. A questionable technique used in the argument is to: www. aristotleprep. com 20 (A) Introduce information that actually contradicts the conclusion (B) Rely on evidence that in principle would be impossible to challenge (C) Make a generalization based on a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative (D) Depend on the ambiguity of the term â€Å"ancient† (E) Apply present-day standards in an inappropriate way to ancient times 44.Zelda: Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory about the determinants of rat behaviour generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. On the basis of this evidence Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct. Anson: Then Dr. Ladlow is not responsible psychologist. Dr. Ladlow? s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct. Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect.Which one of the following can be properly inferred from Anson? s argument? (A) Dr. Ladlow? s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rates will perform in a maze is inaccurate (B) Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories cannot responsibly co nclude that those theories cannot be disproved (C) No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical explanations. (D) Responsible psychologists do not make predictions about how rats will perform in a maze E) Psychologists who accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are responsible psyc hologists. 45. Smith: Meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say. After all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do? Which one of the following is a flaw in Smith? s reasoning? (A) Attacking the opponents? motives instead of their argument (B) Generalizing on the basis of a sample consisting of a typical cases (C) Assuming at the outset what the argument claims to establish through reasoning D) Appealing to authority, even when different authorities give conflicting advic e about an issue (E) Taking for granted that experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, in their best interest 46. The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin? s brain are smaller than corresponding areas in the brain of the unaffected twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery ww w. aristotleprep. com 1 provides definitive evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument? (A) The brain of person suffering from schizophrenia is smaller than the brain of anyone not suffering from schizophrenia (B) The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains of schizophrenics is not the result of schizophrenia or of medications used i n its treatment. (C) The brain of a person with an identical twin is no smaller, on average, than the brain of person who is not twines. D) When a pair of identical twins both suffer from schizophrenia, their brains are the same size (E) People who have an identical twin are no more likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those who do not. 47. Sixty adults were asked to keep a diary of their meals, including what they consumed, when, and in the company of how many people . It was found that at meals with which they drank alcoholic beverages, they consumed about 175 calories more from non-alcoholic source than they did at meals with which they did not drink alcoholic beverages.Each of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of the difference in caloric intake EXCEPT: (A) Diners spent a much longer time at meals served with alcohol than they did at those serve without alcohol. (B) The meals eaten later in the day tended to be larger than those eaten earlier in the day, and later meals were more likely to include alcohol. (C) People eat more when there are more people present at the meal, and more people tended to be present at meal served with alcohol than at meal s served without alcohol. D) The meals that were most carefully prepared and most attractively served tended to be those at which alcoholic beverages were consumed (E) At meals that included alcohol, relatively more of the total calories consumed came from carbohydrates and relatively fewer of them came from fats and proteins. 48. Somet hing must be done to ease traffic congestion. In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived, but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid travelling long distances each day.Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways, the maximum speed averages only 35 miles per hour. Which one of the following proposals is most supported by the statements above? (A) The maximum speed limit on major highways should be increased. (B) People who now travel on major highways should be encouraged to travel on secondary roads instead. (C) Residents of the remaining traditional small towns should be encouraged to move to the suburbs. www. aristotleprep. com 22 (D) Drivers who travel well below the maximum speed limit on major highways should be fined. E) New businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to w here their workers would live. 49. College professor: College stu dents do not write nearly as well as they used to. Almost all of the papers that my students have done for me this year have been poorly written and ungrammatical. Which one of the following is the most serious weakness in the argument made by the professor? (A) It requires confirmation that the change in the professor's students is representative of a change among college students in general. (B) It offers no proof to the effect that the professor is an accurate judge of writing ability. C) It does not take into account the possibility that the professor is a poor teacher. (D) It fails to present contrary evidence. (E) It fails to define its terms sufficiently. 50. Mayor of Plainsville: In order to help the economy of Plainsville, I am using some of our tax revenues to help bring a major highway through the town and thereby attract new business to Plainsville. Citizens' group: You must have interests other than our economy in mind. If you were really interested in helping our econo my, you would instead allocate the revenues to building a new business park since it would bring in twice the business that your highway would.The argument by the citizens group relies on which one of the following assumptions? (A) Plainsville presently has no major highways running through it. (B) The mayor accepts that a new business park would bring in more new business than would the new highway. (C) The new highway would have no benefits for Plainsville other than attracting new business. (D) The mayor is required to get approval for all tax revenue allocation plans from the city council. (E) Plainsville's economy will not be helped unless a new business park of the sort envisioned by the citizens' group is built. 51.Recently, highly skilled workers in Eastern Europe have left jobs in record numbers to emigrate to the West. It is therefore likely that skilled workers who remain in Eastern Europe are in high demand in their home countries. Which one of the following, if true, mo st seriously weakens the argument? (A) Eastern European factories prefer to hire workers from their home countries rather than to import workers from abroad. www. aristotleprep. com 23 (B) Major changes in Eastern European economic structures have led to the elimination of many positions previously held by the highly skilled emigrants. C) Many Eastern European emigrants need to acquire new skills after finding work in the West. (D) Eastern European countries plan to train many new workers to replace the highly skilled workers who have emigrated. (E) Because of the departure of skilled workers from Eastern European countries, many positions are now unfilled. 52. Two palaeontologists, Dr Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr.Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics: a squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to th e next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot. Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson's conclusion. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines Dr. Tyson's conclusion? (A) The foot prints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at least two distinct individuals. B) Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe. (C) Footprints shaped like a human's that do not show a cross -stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous. (D) When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening, some details of some of the footprints were erased. (E) Most of the other footprints at site G were of animal s with hooves. 53.It is not known whether bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a disease of cattle invariably deadly to them, can be transmitted directly from one infected animal to another at all stages of the infection. If it can be, there is now a reservoir of infected cattle incubating the disease. There are no diagnostic tests to identify infected animals before the animals show overt symptoms. Therefore, if such direct transmission occurs, the disease cannot be eradicated by ____ Which one of the following best completes the argument? (A) removing from the herd and destroying any diseased animal as soon as it shows the typical symptoms of advanced BSE B) developing a drug that kills the agent that cause BSE, and then treating with that drug all cattle that might have the disease (C) destroying all cattle in areas where BSE occurs and raising cattle only in areas to which BSE is known not to have spread (D) developing a vaccine that confers lifelong immunity against BSE and giving it to all cattle, destroying in due course all those animals for which the vaccine protection came too late www. aristotleprep. com 24 (E) developing a diagnostic test that does identify any infected animal and destroying all animals found to be infected 4. Auto industry executive: Statistics show that cars that were built smaller af ter 1977 to make them more fuel-efficient had a higher incidence of accident-related fatalities than did their earlier larger counterparts. For this reason we oppose recent guidelines that would require us to produce cars with higher fuel efficiency. Which of the following, if true, would constitute the strongest objection to the executive's argument? (A) Even after 1977, large automobiles were frequently involved in accidents that caused death or serious injury. B) Although fatalities in accidents involving small cars have increased since 1977, the number of accidents has decreased. (C) New computerized fuel systems can enable large cars to meet fuel efficiency standards established by the recent guidelines. (D) Modern technology can make small cars more fuel-efficient today than at any other time in their production history. (E) Fuel efficiency in models of large cars rose immediately after 1977 but has been declining ever since. 55. No one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject.Since political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and style learned through apprenticeship and experience, only seasoned politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all. A major weakness of the argument is that it (A) relies on a generalization about the characteristic that makes someone competent to pass judgment (B) fails to give specific examples to illustrate how political know-how can be acquired (C) uses the term â€Å"apprenticeship† to describe what is seldom a formalized relationship D) equates political know-how w ith understanding the social implications of political policies (E) assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians 56. Impact craters caused by meteorites smashing into earth, have been found all around the globe but they have been found in the greatest density in geologically stable regions. This relatively greater abundance of securely identified crater s in geologically stable regions must be explained by the lower rates of d estructive geophysical processes in those regions.The conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? (A) A meteorite that strikes exactly the same spot as an earlier meteorite will obliterate all traces of the earlier impact. www. aristotleprep. com 25 (B) Rates of destructive geophysical processes within any given region vary markedly throughout geological time. (C) The rate at which the Earth is struck by meteorites has greatly increased in geologically recent tim es. (D) Actual meteorite impacts have been scattered fairly evenly over the Earth's surface in the course of Earth's geological history. E) The Earth's geologically stable regions have been studied more intensively by geologists than have its less stable regions. 57. That the policy of nuclear deterrence has worked thus far is unquestionable. Since the end of the Second World War, the very fact that there were nuclear armaments in existence has kept major powers from using nuclear weapons, for fear of starting a worldwide nuclear exchange that would make the land of the power initiating it uninhabitable. The proof is that a third world war between superpowers has not happened. Which one of the following, if true, indicates a flaw in the argument? A) Maintaining a high level of nuclear armaments represents a significant drain on a country's economy. (B) From what has happened in the past, it is impossible to infer with certainty what will happen in the future, so an accident could st ill trigger a third world war between superpowers. (C) Continuing to produce nuclear weapons beyond the minimum needed for deterrence increases the likelihood of a nuclear accident. (D) The major powers have engaged in many smaller-scale military operations since the end of the Second World War, while refraining from a nuclear onfrontation. (E) It cannot be known whether it was nuclear deterrence that worked, or some other factor, such as a recognition of the economic value of remaining at peace. 58. A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960. Which one of the following most helps account for the apparent contradict ion above? (A) A disproportionately large number of high -ranking alumni responded to the survey. B) Few, if any, respondents were mistaken about their class rank. (C) Not all the alumni who were actually in the top quarter responded to the survey. (D) Almost all of the alumni who graduated in 1960 responded to the survey. (E) Academic rank at Aurora University was based on a number of considerations in addition to average grades. 59. The seventeenth-century physicist Sir Isaac Newton is remembered chiefly for his treaties on motion and gravity. But Newton also conducted experiments secretly for www. aristotleprep. com 26 any years based on the arcane theories of alchemy, trying unsuccessfully to transmute common metals into gold and produce rejuvenating elixirs. If the alchemists of the seventeenth century had published the results of their experiments, chemistry in the eighteenth century would have been more advanced that it actually was. Which one of the following assumptions would allow the conclusion concerning eighteenth-century chemistry to be properly drawn? (A) Scientific progress is retarded by the reluctance of historians to acknowledge the failures of s ome of the great scientists. B) Advances in science are hastened when reports of experiments, whether successful or not, are available for review by other scientists. (C) Newton's work on motion and gravity would not have gained wide acceptance if the results of his work in alchemy had also been made public. (D) Increasing specialization within the sciences makes it difficult for scientists in one field to understand the principles of other fields. (E) The seventeenth-century alchemists could have achieved their goals only if their experiments had been subjected to public scrutiny. 0. Sedimentary rock hardens within the earth's crust as lavers of matter accumulate and the pressure of the layers above converts the layers below into rock. One particular layer of sedimentary rock that contains an unusual amount of the element iridium has been presented as support for a theory that a meteorite collided with the earth some sixty million years ago. Meteorites are rich in iridium compared to the earth's crust, and geologists theorize that a meteorite's collision with the earth raised a huge cloud of iridium-laden dust.The dust, they say, event

Free Essays on Success

Success When we define at the word success, there are many meaning to it depending on how you look at it. But when we narrow it down, we can defined it as accomplishing a certain goal. Emerson defines the word success in a different way. He defines it as to finding the best in others. When we accomplish a certain goal or excel in something, we can say that you successfuly accomplished that or excelled it. When Emerson looks at the word Success he look's at it as finding the best in others or to appreciate the beauty. Emerson tries to look at life of other people and when one is Successful because of him that's when Emerson feels he is also successful. But Success to us is when we move up in our life by accomplishing a certain goal that we faced. So if that would have happen to someone else and Emerson would have taken a part, to him he have won the respect and goten successful. So people can have different meaning to the word success. We find it as overcoming and an obstacle that we have faced which made us successful. And while Emerson finds other people successful and the best in other he feels that he has defined what the word success is to him.... Free Essays on Success Free Essays on Success Success When we define at the word success, there are many meaning to it depending on how you look at it. But when we narrow it down, we can defined it as accomplishing a certain goal. Emerson defines the word success in a different way. He defines it as to finding the best in others. When we accomplish a certain goal or excel in something, we can say that you successfuly accomplished that or excelled it. When Emerson looks at the word Success he look's at it as finding the best in others or to appreciate the beauty. Emerson tries to look at life of other people and when one is Successful because of him that's when Emerson feels he is also successful. But Success to us is when we move up in our life by accomplishing a certain goal that we faced. So if that would have happen to someone else and Emerson would have taken a part, to him he have won the respect and goten successful. So people can have different meaning to the word success. We find it as overcoming and an obstacle that we have faced which made us successful. And while Emerson finds other people successful and the best in other he feels that he has defined what the word success is to him.... Free Essays on Success â€Å"Success is a journey, not a destination† (The Success). Webster's Dictionary describes success as a degree or measure of succeeding and a favorable or desired outcome. I disagree. A desired outcome? Success is a choice. You can sit around and desire success all day, or you can make it happen. â€Å"Some people dream of worthy accomplishments while others stay awake and do them† (Successories). It is your decision. Most people just let life happen to them, but there are few that decide what's going to happen to them in life. Those are the successful people. In my opinion, success is a choice, an accomplishment, a decision, a goal, a journey, a dream, and a victory. Success Magazine did a study on what people thought it meant to be successful, and 58% of the people answered â€Å"good health†. But, with good health alone and nothing else, could you truly be successful? It comes back to what is success? If you don't know what success is, how are you ever going to be successful? Success is for everyone. In "The Success Journey," by John C. Maxwell, he describes a successful person as: â€Å"The wealth of Bill Gates, the physique of Arnold Schwarzenegger (or Cindy Crawford), the intelligence of Albert Einstein, the athletic ability of Michael Jordan, the business prowess of Donald Trump, the social grace and poise of Jackie Kennedy, the imagination of Walt Disney, and the heart of Mother Teresa.† Perfect! A great example of success is Donald Trump, â€Å"a very goal-driven person†. Trump has accomplished more goals than most people even dream of. As far as the future goes, he said â€Å"Anyone who thinks my story is near over is sadly mistaken.† Trump’s goals are never-ending; as soon as one is accomplished he already has another one waiting to be attacked. He is an entrepreneur, and not only that but one of the most successful ones in the business world today. But success comes with failure. If you make a goa... Free Essays on Success Success Most people think of success as getting rich or having a loving wife. But not all people think like that. Some people don’t need to be rich to be successful, because they do something that other people see as memorable. When you think of success, you usually think of famous people first. In my mind, the first person that I thought of was Bill Gates. Bill Gates is a famous and successful person. People see him as a symbol of success. Most people consider him to be very successful. My teacher describe's, â€Å"He is just a little bit smarter than the smart person.† People only like to talk about beautiful things. Nobody we talked about had been kicked out of school. They never thought about how difficult that person had work. If you are a Christian, you will believe Jesus Christ was very successful, because he washed our sins away with his blood. He was crucified by the Romans for us. But some people who are not Christians have a different view of Jesus Christ. They may consider him a loser. Because he was not rich, was not welcomed by other people, and claimed himself to be a god. But the meaning of his success is different than our meaning of success. The meaning of his success is that he died for our sins on the cross. For myself, success is getting respect from my friends. I don’t need to get rich to become successful. I don’t want my name to be memorable to other people. I just want to have a happy family and a loving wife of my own. That is my definition of success. People have their own definition of success. Some people think success is money, and some people think that success is fame....